1. Preamble
Not to mention the history of the dry ink to write his name, but woman country has haltingly read his ideals. Kian day emancipation increasingly similar course with liberalization and feminization. While Kartini alone actually getting to leave everything, and want to return to nature. Travel Kartini is long journey. And he has not reached its destination. Kartini still in the process. Do not blame Kartini if he can not fully escape from the confines of customary. Do not blame if he does not Kartini can escape the influence of Western education. Kartini not a child circumstances, it is evident that he had tried to mendobraknya. The we blame are those who misinterpret the willingness of Kartini. Kartini not be interpreted other than in accordance with what implicit in a collection of his letter: "Door Duisternis Tot Licht", which
already defined as "Out Dark Light". Prof. Haryati Soebadio (grandson step-mother Kartini) - interpret sentence "Door Duisternis Tot Licht" as "From Darkness Towards Light "which is Arabic" Minazh-Zhulumaati ilan-Nuur ". The word in Arabic, the other not, is at the core of Islam preaches that means: bring people from darkness (jaahiliyyah guidance or stupidity) to place a bright (instructions or truth). In the Al-Quran, surah Al-Baqarah: 257, God asserted: Allaah the leader of those who believe; He produced them from darkness to light. And those who disbelieve its leader is Satan, who put them out of light into the darkness. They are the dwellers of hell; their dwell therein.
Kartini is in the process of the darkness into light. But that light has not shone as brightly lit full, because blocked by the veil of tradition and Westernization efforts. Kartini has returned to the owner, before he completed his attempt to study of Islam and practice it : I hope we have mercy, can work to make people Another religious view of Islam should be liked.
[Letter to Mrs Kartini. Van Kol, July 21, 1902]
Kartini is contained by custom and guided by the West, has been trying to pave the way to bright. But strangely no one continue the struggle. The women now parse the returned string who had spun Kartini. Although they celebrate the day birth, but they play down the struggle. Gagasangagasan Kartini brilliantly formulated in a quiet room, they celebrated on the stage that scene. Kartini criticism
very spicy on the West, they interpret as a signal for follow Western women badly. Kartini is one example of a historical figure who tired face of the ideological struggle. Do denounces Kartini. Because even though however, he has been trying to break the custom, dodge West, to change things. Man is trying, God who determines.
[Letter to Mrs Kartini. Ovink Soer, October 1900]
Similarly, words that reflect an attitude Kartini who resignation. Indeed, we humans should be oriented to business and not a results-oriented. This is necessary, so that we do not lost horizon. So we did not measure the success of a struggle with our short age limit. Also for our not easy to criticize mistakes made by people before us. Not impossible, if we are faced with the conditions together, we will do similar things. It is people who have passed away what they earned him and for you what you earn and you will not be held accountability questions about what they have done.
[Al-Quran, surah Al-Baqarah: 134]
2. Who Kartini?
Kartini was born of noble family of Java. His father, R.M.A.A Sosroningrat, at the beginning was a Wedana in Mayong. His mother named M.A. Ngasirah, daughter of Haji Siti Aminah Nyai and Kyai Haji Madirono, a religion teacher at Teluwakur, Jepara. Colonial Rule time it requires a regent to be married to a nobleman. Because M.A. Ngasirah not a duke, then her father married again with Raden Ajeng Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of King Madura. After the marriage, Kartini's father was appointed the regent in Jepara replace the biological father of RA Woerjan:
R.A.A. Tjitrowikromo. Kartini was the son of the 5th of 11 siblings and stepfather. From all siblings, Kartini was the eldest daughter. He is a descendant of an intelligent family. His grandfather, Prince Ario
Tjondronegoro IV, was appointed regent at the age of 25 years. Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, is a genius in the field of language. Within Short studies in the Netherlands, he mastered 26 languages: 17 bahasabahasa And 9 East Western languages. Kartini's own formal education only up to Low school level. But he can give criticism and advice clear to the Dutch East Indies government policy at that time
it. With the memorandum, entitled: "Give to the people of Education Java ", Kartini submit critiques and advice to nearly all Department of Government of the Netherlands East Indies, except the Department of Army Sea (Marine). One suggestion that he submit to the Department Health is as follows: The doctor should also be given the opportunity to complement their knowledge in Europe. The advantage is striking, especially if the necessary investigation requires a direct relationship with the community. They can deeply investigate the efficacy of indigenous medicines have often proved effective. If a layman
reported that the blood worms or eels can heal a swollen eye, maybe he will be ridiculed. But is a fact that the coconut milk and bananas can be worn stone as a drug. You see, it's really very simple: in the country should be treated with drugs from the country itself. Has often happened that people were sick nation Europe, especially suffering from dysentery or other diseases, which doctors have declared no
curable, still could be helped by drugs we simple and not dangerous. For example, not yet long ago, a native girl by a doctor was diagnosed with TB disease of the esophagus. The doctor said that he could only stay 2 weeks and will died in a terrible state. In an end despair, his mother took him back to his village for treatment. And the girl recovered, be healthy, do not feel pain anymore and can talk back. What's the cure? Small insects obtained in the field, being swallowed alive with golden banana. Barbaric treatment? What may make. However the drug was help, are not prescribed drugs. The doctors we are, in fact can announce cases like that, but they never do so. Perhaps for fear of ridicule by scholar? A doctor whose knowledge commensurate bumiputera with European colleagues, if convinced of something, it should must dare to assert and defend his faith. By reading the excerpt from the memorandum addressed Kartini government kapada Dutch East Indies, we can estimate the power of reason Kartini to the size of his era.
3. Kartini Breaking Traditional
Indeed our customary polite Javanese are very complicated. My sister had to crawl if you want to last in front of me. If my sister sat in the chair, as I was then, he must soon go down sitting on the ground, with bowed head, until I do not longer visible. My brothers and sisters should not be berkamu and berengkau me. They should only be reprimanded me in a language kromo inggil (high-level Java language). Each sentence pronounced to be concluded with worship. Standing chilling when we are in a family environment bumiputera an aristocrat. A conversation with someone more high rank, should slowly, so that people in Just nearby can hear. A girl should be running slowly, step by step, slow motion like snails, if you walk a little fast, abused people, called "wild horses".
[Kartini's Letters to Stella, August 18, 1899]
I care what with all that ... All the ordinances regulations, all this is crafted by humans, and torturing myself only. You can not imagine how complicated the world's etiquette Javanese aristocracy that ... But now I'm starting with, among Our (Kartini, Roekmini, and Kardinah) no procedure again. Our own feelings that will determine up to limits which means that liberal allowed to be executed.
[Kartini's Letters to Stella, August 18, 1899]
According to Kartini, every human being equal and they are entitled to receive the same treatment. Kartini understand correctly that time, especially in Java, aristocracy someone measured with blood. The more blue blood someone will be more noble position. Kartini oppose nobility of blood. For me there are only two kinds of nobility: nobility of mind and nobility of reason. Nothing is more insane and stupid according to my perception rather than see the person, who prides origin of their offspring. What is meant is pious charity, people who holds Graaf or Baron? Unable to understand the my mind that this petty.
[Kartini's Letters to Stella, August 18, 1899]
Blood aristocracy now only live as antiques at the museum. In its place now appears aristocracy-keningratanbaru: aristocracy of rank, nobility titles and semacamnya.Puncak of all it is the nobility of economic aristocracy. Who The most store treasure, he was the most noble. All can be arranged by him. The decision and the wisdom of all people will walk ducked sniper in front of decision-and policy people them. Oddly enough, those who claim to be Kartini, Kartini Period Now, do not oppose the aristocracy-the new aristocracy. Even most of them become victims, if not virtually as a faithful servant.
4. Kartini Looking Into the West
People imitate the habit most of the good people; good people it mimics the actions of a higher again, and they imitate the highest it also is a European.
[Kartini's Letters to Stella, May 25, 1899]
Discrimination by the Dutch colonizers of the bumiputera, have dropped their morale. Kartini although derived from the Nobles, but Western education has taught dikenyamnya low it to him that East and West was noble. Kartini not unaware of this indoctrination, but the fact that had not yet seen incontrovertible. In the world of education for example, Kartini saw a striking difference, between what owned by the Dutch in what can only be achieved by Bumiputera. So-so, the Netherlands feel happy, have tenagatenaga expert, who is very conscientious and devote all reasonable minds in education and teaching teens
Netherlands. In this case Dutch children more fortunate than in children of Java, which has has a book other than books school lessons.
[Letter to Mrs Kartini. Van Kol, August 20, 1902]
From this it appears that Kartini realized the importance of the role of book in the intellectual life of a human child. If present, reading culture unbeaten by video culture, whether he answered Kartini today is already more advanced in terms of educating children them? I want to continue my education to Holland, because Holland will I better prepare for the big task I've chosen.
[Letter to Mrs Kartini. Ovink Soer, 1900]
To be commensurate with the West, Kartini feel the need to pursue science to the West. West is the mecca of Kartini after escape traditional confines. Go to Europe. That is until my breath citaku ideals which last. Kartini's Letters to Stella [January 12, 1900]
5. Close friends Kartini
Indigenous in adults did not allow a noble associate closely with ordinary people. Nobles should mingle with the aristocracy. This Such deliberately preserved by the colonial government, for the Nobles lost sensitivity to the problems of his people, avoid keterpihakan nobles to the people who are oppressed; Also at the same time to enlarge the distance between the nobility and the people are not tergalang a force to fight the ruling. In situations Thus, it can be understood if the association is limited to Kartini family environment and the Dutch people only. Association with Dutch people, it is not forbidden, because the Dutch are considered more noble than the Javanese. Kartini was a woman who have thought far ahead. This has been observed and known by his friends nation Netherlands. Many of the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies and in the country Holland himself wanted to make friends with Kartini, but in general they really are "the enemies in a blanket" who want to manipulate Kartini and spay her thoughts. Here are a few close friends Kartini, who often involved in discussions and correspondence with him:
- J.H. Abendanon Abendanon came into the Dutch East Indies in 1900. He was assigned by the Netherlands to implement the Ethical Policy. His job is as Director of the Department of Education, Religion and Crafts. Because 'New man' in the Dutch East Indies, Abendanon not know the circumstances Dutch East Indies society and do not understand how and from where he start the program. For this purpose, many ask Abendanon congenial political advice from friends, Snouck Hurgronye, a orientalis as an architect designer of the famous Indian victory Dutch in the Aceh War. Furthermore, Hurgronye have conception so-called Political Association, a business for the younger generation of Islamic identifies himself with the West. According to belief, group that most strongly against the Dutch colonialists are the ones Islam, especially the faction santrinya. Entering in the Western civilization indigenous communities is the most apt to stem and eventually overcome the influence of Islam in the Netherlands East Indies. Not possible westernize bumiputera people, unless it has ningratnya dibaratkan. For that purpose, then the first step to be taken is close to royal circles, especially the Islamic firm, for then dibaratkan. Hurgronye suggest Abendanon to approach Kartini, and for that purpose establish a good relationship Abendanonwith Kartini. Later, the most persistent attempt Abendanonlah Kartini impede learning to the Netherlands. He does not want Kartini more forward again.
- E.E. Abendanon (Mrs. Abendanon) He is a faithful companion to her husband in their duties Kartini approach. Until towards the end of his life, Kartini still correspondence relationship with him. - Dr. Adriani Family Abendanon Kartini had invited the family to Batavia. In this Batavia, Ny. Abendanon introduced by Dr Kartini. Adriani. He is a linguist and the priest in charge spread Christianity in Toraja, South Sulawesi. Dr. Adriani was Batavia in order perlawatannya around Java and Sumatra. For further, Dr. Adriani become friends correspondence Kartini intimate.
- Annie Glasser He was a teacher who has some teaching certificate language. He teaches French privately to Kartini free of charge. Glasser asked by Abendanon to the District Jepara to observe and follow the development of thought Kartini. Not surprisingly, later Abendanon to break plans Kartini to go study in the Netherlands, using high levels of psychological diplomacy. All parties have failed in any attempt to block the departure of Kartini to the Netherlands. Kartini has berbulat determination to the Netherlands. But, suddenly, Abendanon come directly from Batavia to Kartini of Jepara to meet without mediation of the letter. Abendanon only talking a few minutes with Kartini. The result? Kartini decided to cancel departure to the Netherlands. This is only possible if Abandanon know exactly Kartini's psychological condition, and this easy for him because he puts Annie Glasser as "matamata" him.
- Stella (Estelle Zeehandelaar) While in seclusion (approximately 4 years), Kartini many spend time to read. Kartini was not satisfied only follow the development of the women's movement in Europe through the books and magazine alone. He wanted to know the real situation. For that, he then put an ad in a magazine published in Dutch: "Hollandsche Lelie." Through the ad, Kartini offering themselves as pen pals for European women. With Kartini ad was immediately greeted by Stella, a woman Dutch Jews. Stella is a member of the militant feminist movement in Netherlands at that time. He was friendly with prominent socialist; Ir. Van Kol, vice chairman SDAQ (Dutch Socialist Party) in parliament (Parliament).
- Ir. Van Kol Before acquainted with Kartini, Van Kol had lived in Dutch East Indies for 16 years. Apart from being an engineer, he also an expert on colonial issues. Stella was the one who always provide information about Kartini him, until the he finally came to Jepara and the opportunity to directly meet with Kartini. Van Kol support and fight for departure Kartini to Holland at the expense of the Dutch Government. However, apparently there behind the rock shrimp. Van Kol hopes to make Kartini as a "living witness" depravity Indies colonial government Netherlands. All this to fulfill his ambition of winningparty (socialist) in Parliament.
- Nellie van Kol (Mrs. Van Kol) He is a writer who has a humanist stance and progressive. He was the person most responsible for mendangkalkan aqidah Kartini. In walnya, he intends to convert Kartini, with his arrival as if a helper Kartini lifted from indifference to religion. Indeed, presumably after the introduction by Mrs. Van Kol, Kartini start regardless of his religion, Islam. Marked by concern terminated movement "prayer strike" and "strike ngaji". Now we feel we are more sturdy body, all things looks different now. It has long been the light that grows in the liver Our hearts, we do not know the time, and Mrs. Van Kol which lifted the curtain that hung in front of us. We very grateful to him.
[Letter to Mrs Kartini. Ovink Soer, June 12, 1902] After Kartini again paying attention to the problems religion, start Nellie van Kol launched his Christian mission. Mrs. Van Kol much to tell us about Jesus which honored lord, about the apostles Peter and Paul, and we love to hear all of it [Letter to Dr Kartini. Adriani, July 5, 1902] Mrs van Kol failed to formally Christianize Kartini, but he managed to incorporate Christian values into Islamic Kartini. In many letters Kartini called God in the draft trinity. The good angels flying around me and Mr. that is in heaven help me in my struggle with my father in this world. [Letter to Mrs Kartini. Ovink Soer, July 12, 1902]
6. Kartini Want to Be True Muslimah In his childhood, Kartini who do not have experience fun while learning the Koran (read Al-Quran).
Mother teacher mengajinya scold him when Kartini asked the meaning of the words Al-Quran which taught him to read it. Since that time It arises in self-denial Kartini.
"Concerning the religion of Islam, Stella, I must tell you what?
Islam forbids his people to discuss it with religious people other. Anyway my religion because my ancestors actually Islamic. How can I love my religion, if I do not understand, may not understand it? Al-Quran is too sacred, no may be translated into any language. Here there is no people who understand Arabic. Here people are taught to read Al-Quran but do not understand what they read. I thought, employment of people mad, people are taught to read but not taught meaning he had read it. Same thing just like you I teach English books, I have to memorize it word for words, but not a word that you explain what it means to me. Not so pious man was not nothing, provided that a person who is kind, is not it Stella? " [Kartini's Letters to Stella, 6 November 1899]
"And then I do not want anymore to do things that are not know what need and what are the benefits. I do not want anymore read the Koran, learn to memorize the parables with foreign language I do not understand its meaning, and lest my teachers did not understand its meaning. Tell me what it means, I'll learn what only. I sinned, the book is too sacred, so precious we may not understand what it means. [Letter to E.E. Kartini Abendanon, 15 August 1902]
Until a while Kartini's visit to his uncle's house, a Regent in Demak (Prince Ario Sultanate). At that time Demak ongoing special monthly lectures for members of the family. Kartini listen recitation along the raden ayu another, from behind the curtain. Kartini interested in teaching materials submitted by Kyai Haji Mohammad Sholeh bin Omar, a cleric of the Army, Semarang, which is about the interpretation of Al-Fatihah. Kyai Sholeh this Army - so he was known - often give lectures in various districts along the northern coast. After finishing the recitation event Kartini urged his uncle to willing to accompany him to meet with Kyai Sholeh Treaty. This dialogue between Kartini and Kyai Sholeh Army, which was written by Mrs. Fadhila Sholeh, grandson of Kyai Sholeh Land: "Kyai, let me ask, how legal if a knowledgeable, but hide their knowledge? " Kyai Sholeh Army stunned at the question Kartini submitted it diplomatically. "Why Raden Ajeng ask that?" Kyai Sholeh Army asked, thinking if only what Kartini is meant by the question never occurred to mind. "Leaders, a new life during this time I could understand meaning and the first letter, and the parent Al-Quran contents so beautiful sanubariku thrilling. So rather than an artificial flavor I'm thankful heart to God, but I'm surprised no habishabisnya, why all this time we strictly prohibits clergy translation and interpretation of the Koran in Javanese. Is not Al-Quran is the book actually led a happy life and prosperous for humans? " After his meeting with Kartini, Kyai Sholeh intrigued Army to translate the Koran into the Java language. On the day Kartini marriage, Kyai Sholeh Army to award him translation of the Quran (Koran Tafsiril Faizhur Rohman Fit), vol The first consists of 13 volumes, ranging from surat Al-Fatihah to with a letter of Abraham. Kartini Begin studying Islam in real sense. But unfortunately not long after that Kyai Sholeh Army died, so that the Quran has not yet been translated into in the Java language. If only had time to study the overall Kartini Islamic teachings (the Quran) it is not impossible that he will apply as much as possible all the things required of Islam against muslimahnya. Kartini proved very daring to differ with customary traditions that are already established. Kartini also have kehanifan high capital against Islamic teachings. Is not the Initially he was most strongly against polygamy, but then after familiar with Islam, he can accept it. When studying the Al-Islam Al-Quran through Java-language translation , Kartini found in surah Al-Baqarah verse 257 that it is God that have guided believers from darkness to light (Minazh Zhulumaati ilan-Nuur). Apparently, Kartini was impressed with the words Ilan-Zhulumaati Minazh Nuur meaning from dark to light. Because Kartini experience themselves the process of change itself, from thought to thought no-desultory guidance. In many of the letter before his death, Kartini lot repeating the phrase "From Darkness To Light" is. Because Kartini always wrote his letter in Dutch, then the words This he translated as "Door Duisternis Tot Licht". Because often those words appear in the letters Kartini, then Mr. Abendanon who collected the letters Kartini make these words as the title of a collection of letters Kartini. Of course he did not realize that those words actually learned from the Koran.
Then for the next period after Kartini died, Door Duisternis words Tot Licht has lost its meaning, because translated by Armijn Pane with the term "After Dark was the issuance of Light ". It is more poetic, but it is not exact. After Kartini know Islam attitude toward the West began changed: "It was past its time, had we thought that the community Europe it's really only the best, no unmatched. We're sorry, but whether mothers themselves consider European society is perfect? Can the mother denies that the Behind the beautiful things in society there are many things mothers which in no way deserves the title of civilization? " [Letter to Mrs Kartini. Abendanon, 27 October 1902]
Kartini also opposed to all practices in the Indian Christianization Netherlands: "What do you think about Zending, if you intend to do good to the people of Java solely on the basis of love, not in the context of Christianity? .... For Muslims, releasing their own convictions to embrace another religion, is a sin as much as possible. In short, may do Zending, but do not convert people. Could it be done? " [Letter to E.E. Kartini Abendanon, January 31, 1903]
Even Kartini determined to meet the call of surah Al-Baqarah paragraph 193, seeks to improve the image of Islam has always made month-monthly and targets slander. With subtle language Kartini states: "I hope we have mercy, can work to make people Another religious view of Islam should be liked. " [Letter to Mrs Kartini. Van Kol, July 21, 1902]
7. Kartini's ideals Frequently misunderstood. Kartini felt that his heart was always saying: "Go. Implement your ambition. Kerjalah for the future. Kerjalah for the happiness of thousands of people who are oppressed in Under the law unjust and false ideologies about which is good and what is bad. Go. Go. Strive and menderitalah, but work for interests are eternal " [Letter to Mrs Kartini. Van Kol, July 21, 1902] The following excerpt of his letter is the ideals that many Kartini misunderstood: "We were here pleading sought instruction and education of children women, not once in a while because we want children her male rival in the struggle his life. But because we believe will be a big influence all for women, for women more qualified to take obligations, liabilities transferred his own nature into hand: a mother, educator of the first human. [Letter to Prof. Kartini. Anton and Mrs, October 4, 1902] This is the actual notion Kartini, but in reality often narrowly defined with one word: emancipation. So that each people are free to arbitrarily interpret its own.
8. Lessons For Muslims Kartini basically want to fight in the way of Islam. But since yet comprehensive understanding of Islam, then do not Kartini know the long road that will be pursued and how walking on it. (Hopefully Allah have mercy on Kartini, he already tried, but God called him first.) If we learn more about the proposed concepts Kartini, although globally the concept of Islam, but in detailed and operational overlap with Western concepts. We know most of his close friends are Jewish and Kartini Christian. God has warned us: There will never ridho Jews and the Christians, before you follow the procedures the way they (Al-Quran, 2:120). Kartini's experience is a history that always always terulangi. Each person will fight for Islam, then suddenly parties who do not like Islam will unite to destroy it. If their position is weak, then they will paths in a subtle and hidden. But if the position they are strong, then they will resort to forcible means. Kartini unconsciously telling people bad practice Islam (not Islam a bad) to her friends non-Islamic. So one day later backfire and defamation for the people Islam. Best non-Muslim friends, however not will help Islam (Quran, 3:119-120). Kartini struggle alone and do not bring together students Another is on the island of Java. One of the companions of Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib RA once told us that: Truth not organized to be defeated by a kebathilan organized. And God also loves those who fight dijalanNya in a row (Al-Quran, 61:4). Wallahu'alam bissawab.
